Problem 48 of 7
Evaluate study design for causal conclusions in a cross-sectional survey finds that people who own pets report higher levels of happiness.
Using a hint is okay. It just tells the trainer to give you a little more review.
Hidden until you reveal it.
distinguish random assignment and confounding.
Hidden until you reveal it.
Distinguish random assignment and confounding in experiments and observational studies.
Enter your answer
Your answer is equivalent to the expected form.
Walkthrough
Full solution stays hidden until you ask for it.
1. Identify whether treatment was imposed.
2. Check random assignment and control/comparison group.
3. Consider confounding or attrition before judging causation.
Use the worked steps, then substitute the final answer back into the original relationship to confirm it satisfies the prompt.
Causal claims from correlation alone.